Composition of a Bone

The bone has five main functions
1. Support: They support the body.
2. Protection: They keep organs away from damage, such as the rib cage and the skull.
3. Movement: The joints allow for movement.
4. Storage: The bone stores fat and some minerals.
5. Blood cell formation: The bone is the place that most of your blood components are made.

Composition of the Bone
The inside of the bone is made of three primal tissue layers: periosteum-sound, compact bone, and spongy bone.

• Periosteum The periosteum is a glistening double layered tissue which covers the hard bone called the compact bone. The periosteum can not be seen by the naked eye. The periosteum is exceedingly important since its lower layer houses bone forming cells called osteoblast-sound. Also, the double layer serves as a place where tendons and ligaments can insert and anchor into the bone.
• Compact Bone Compact bone seems very hard when seen by the normal eye, but at a microscopic level, the compact bone is very hollow. Canals called canaliculi-sound, which are filled with blood vessels, channel through the bone and all join to many major canals called Haversian canals-sound. These canals make the bone hollow. The compact bone is also rich with nerves. The hardness of the bone is made by spider like ostecytes-sound, mature bone cells, which surround the caniculli and Heversian canals.
• Spongy Bone Spongy bone is not exactly spongy. Towards the center of the bone, the bone gets hollower. This is why it is called spongy. Located within the spongy bone is red bone marrow-sound and yellow bone marrow-sound. Red bone marrow is what makes red blood cells. The majority of the red bone marrow for an adult is located in the head of the femur and humerus. Yellow bone marrow is stored fat. This marrow can sometimes turn in to red bone marrow when a person is very anemic.

Parts of a bone
The diagram below shows a "typical" bone.

• Hyaline cartilage
  Cartilage covers the ends of the bones. The smooth surfaces stops the bones rubbing together and absorbs shock.
• Epiphysis
  This is the name for the extremity of the bones.
• Cancellous bone
  This is sometimes called Spongy Bone and stores the red bone marrow where blood cells are manufactured.
• Epiphyseal plate
  A line across the bone from where the bone grows in length.
• Diaphysis
  The shaft of the bone.
• Compact bone
  The word "compact" suggests a hard part of the bone. It surrounds the yellow bone marrow in the diaphysis and gives strength to the hollow part of the bone.
• Periosteum
  Where there is no hyaline cartilage, the periosteum covers the surface of the bone. Ligaments and tendons are attached to the periosteum.
• Medullary cavity
  This space inside the diaphysis contains the yellow bone marrow.

Healthbase is a medical tourism facilitator that connects patients to leading JCI/JCAHO/ISO accredited hospitals overseas through a secure, high-tech, information-rich web portal. Healthbase provides a wide range of medical procedures through its partner hospital network. Over two hundred medical procedures are available in various categories: cosmetic and plastic, orthopedic, dental, cardiac, and many more. The savings are up to 80 percent from typical US prices even after adding up the travel costs, hospital stay and other related expenses. Healthbase offers more than just procedural availability; we also provide customers with extensive information on medical treatments, hospital and doctor profiles to help them make an educated decision regarding their treatment; travel planning and booking; applying for medical/dental loan and much more.

To learn more, visit http://www.healthbase.com/ and login to view our extensive hospital profiles including pictures of operating rooms, patient rooms, doctor qualifications, and lots more. Get a FREE quote now!!

Note: All information presented here has been obtained from publicly available medical resources and is here for reference purposes only. Healthbase does not claim to be a medical professional and does not provide any advice on any issues relating to medical treatment.

Full Mouth Restoration

What is Full Mouth Restoration?

Full Mouth Restoration, sometimes called neuromuscular dentistry, is the individual restructuring of each and every tooth. Neuromuscular dentistry places the jaw into its optimal position, relieving the symptoms associated with TMJ (temporomandibular joint or jaw joint). While traditional dentistry evaluates primarily the teeth, bones, and gums, neuromuscular dentistry attempts to solve the root of the misalignment problem(s) by understanding the soft tissues, muscles, and nerves. This method of treatment determines the optimal physiological position of the jaw by measuring the relaxed position of head and neck muscles and then repositions the jaw to achieve those exact measurements.


What is TMJ?

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome or TMJ joint disorders are medical problems related to the jaw joint. The TMJ connects the lower jaw to the skull (temporal bone) under your ear. Certain facial muscles control chewing. Problems in this area can cause head and neck pain, a jaw that is locked in position or difficult to open, problems biting, and popping sounds when you bite.


What causes TMJ pain?

The TMJ or Temperomandibular Joint is the "hinge" that functions when the jaw opens and closes. There are many theories and practices to treating TMJ pain. Every TMJ dentist will have his or her own theory on TMJ treatment. People will often report neck and upper back pain, headaches, sore muscles and even migraines. Neuromuscular dentistry practices under the premise that when the teeth are shortened (either by wear, grinding, old age, clenching or even the cumulative effects of large amounts of dentistry) then the jaw over-closes causing stress and pressure in the TMJ. By restoring the vertical dimension to the teeth or by positioning a carefully fitted orthotic optimal health and function is restored to the TMJ. Many people suffering from TMJ pain have found relief using the techniques and theories of neuromuscular dentistry.

Symptoms of TMJ pain

* Headaches / Migraines
* Facial pain
* Neck and shoulder pain
* Tinnitus (Ringing in the ears)
* Vertigo (dizziness)
* Tic doulereaux (trigeminal neuralgia), a neuropathic pain disorder unrelated to TMD
* Bell's Palsy, a nerve disorder unrelated to TMD
* Unexplained loose teeth
* Sensitive and sore teeth
* Jaw pain
* Limited jaw movement or locking jaw
* Numbness in the fingers and arms (related to the cervical musculature and nerves, not to TMD)
* Worn or cracked teeth
* Clicking or popping in the jaw joints
* Depression

Neuromuscular dentistry uses computer modeling of the patient's jaw movements and sonography of the TMJ to check for the extent of joint damage. Surface EMG's are used to verify pre-treatment conditions and if true rest is obtained by TENS. TENS (ultra-low frequency transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation) is used to locate "physiological rest" of the jaw muscles.

Once a physiologic rest position is found the doctor can determine the optimal positioning of the lower jaw to the upper jaw. An orthotic is commonly worn for 3-6 months (24 hours per day) to realign the jaw, at which point orthodontic treatment, use of the orthotic as a "crutch", overlay partial, or orthodontic treatment and/or rehabilitation of the teeth is recommended to correct teeth and jaw position.

Healthbase is a medical tourism facilitator that connects patients to leading JCI/JCAHO/ISO accredited hospitals overseas through a secure, high-tech, information-rich web portal. Healthbase provides a wide range of medical procedures through its partner hospital network. Over two hundred medical procedures are available in various categories: cosmetic and plastic, orthopedic, dental, cardiac, and many more. The savings are up to 80 percent from typical US prices even after adding up the travel costs, hospital stay and other related expenses. Healthbase offers more than just procedural availability; we also provide customers with extensive information on medical treatments, hospital and doctor profiles to help them make an educated decision regarding their treatment; travel planning and booking; applying for medical/dental loan and much more.

To learn more, visit http://www.healthbase.com/ and login to view our extensive hospital profiles including pictures of operating rooms, patient rooms, doctor qualifications, and lots more. Get a FREE quote now!!

Note: All information presented here has been obtained from publicly available medical resources and is here for reference purposes only. Healthbase does not claim to be a medical professional and does not provide any advice on any issues relating to medical treatment.